Literary Blog #3

My literary blog this week is on the article Male athletes and sexual assault.
1) Visual:






2)Citation:

Melnick, M. (1992) ‘Male athletes and sexual assault’, Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 63(5), pp. 32–36. doi: 10.1080/07303084.1992.10604186.

3) Summary: This article examines the overall sporting environment and how it can be affected by all the attitudes and emotions of the players. It discusses different theories about attitudes that may play a role in sexual assault.

4)Author: 

Merrill Melnick: She is a sports sociologist and psychologist and examines the athletes behavior in many different types of sports

5) Key Terms: 

Big-Man-On-Campus Syndrome: Since athletes have such high self-esteem, they often feel like they are worshiped on campus. 

The athletic Justice System: this is important because the way athletics are handled often play a role in decisions made by and for athletes.

6)Quotes:

1)    "Because star athletes are held in such high esteem, they frequently find themselves worshipped by their adoring publics. This is no less true on college campuses today where the "big-man-on-campus" syndrome is still intact. It is very easy for star athletes to believe that all women who flirt with them are interested in sex" (33)

2) "The "athletic justice system" may also be part of the etiology ofsexual assault crimes. Athletes' rules are often very different from the rules which govern the campus community or society. Too many athletes believe they can get away with anything, that "coach will take care of things."(33)

3) "In the case of athletic teams, not only do the members play together, they frequently live and eat together. Group loyalty in all-male, small groups is often so strong that sometimes it can override personal integrity. With respect to gang rape, psychologist Bernice Sandler observed, "Group members will do anything to please each other... they are raping for each other." (32)

7) Value: This source is important because it discusses the psychology of the athlete and uses these theories to understand why they are more prone to sexual assault. This is also important because it does a lot bit of comparison between the non-athletes as well. 

Blog #5

Benedict, J.R. (1999) Public heroes, private felons: Athletes and crimes against women. Boulder, CO, United States: Northeastern University Press.

Caron, S.L., Halteman, W.A. and Stacy, C. (1997) ‘Athletes and rape: Is there a connection?’, Percept Mot Skills, 85(3 suppl), pp. 1379–1393. doi: 10.2466/pms.1997.85.3f.1379.

Melnick, M. (1992) ‘Male athletes and sexual assault’, Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 63(5), pp. 32–36. doi: 10.1080/07303084.1992.10604186.

Moore, L. (2014) In college sports, amateurism fosters rape culture. Available at: http://www.detroitnews.com/story/opinion/2014/10/18/college-sports-rape-culture/17446247/ (Accessed: 18 October 2016).

Siers-poisson, J (2014) Student-athletes commit rape, sexual assaults more often than peers. Available at: http://www.wpr.org/student-athletes-commit-rape-sexual-assaults-more-often-peers (Accessed: 18 October 2016).

WILSON, R "Why Coaches Should 'Step the Heck Out' of Sex-Assault Cases." Chronicle of Higher Education 08 Apr. 2016: A12. Academic Search Premier. Web. 21 Oct. 2016.

Young, B.-R., Desmarais, S.L., Baldwin, J.A. and Chandler, R. (2016) ‘Sexual coercion practices among undergraduate male recreational athletes, intercollegiate athletes, and non-athletes’, Violence Against Women, , p. 1077801216651339. doi: 10.1177/1077801216651339.

Literary blog #2

My second literary blog is on the article Sexual coercion practices among undergraduate male recreational athletes, intercollegiate athletes, and non-athletes

1) Visual:

 2) Citation:

Young, B.-R., Sarah L Desmarais, Julie A Baldwin, Rasheeta Chandler. (2016) ‘Sexual coercion practices among undergraduate male recreational athletes, intercollegiate athletes, and non-athletes’, Violence Against Women, , p. 1077801216651339. doi: 10.1177/1077801216651339.

3) Summary: This article discusses the idea of sexual coercion and addressing rape myths to prove the idea the male athletes have a correlation with rape. It brings in the results and it shows the differences in the results on various topics including sexual coercion and women between athletes and non-athletes.

4) There are four authors for this article:
Belinda-rose Young- She is a research assistant for The Florida Prevention Research Center where she specializes in mental health, sexual violence and HIV/AIDS
Sarah L. Desmarais- She is health psychology professor at the university of North Carolina State, she focuses on Criminal psychology and violence prevention.
Julie A. Baldwin- She works in the Health Sciences department at North Arizona University where she has expertise in HIV/AIDS and Research on Health.
Rasheeta Chandler- She works in the school of nursing at Emory University.
5) Key Terms:
1) Sexual coercion: sexual coercion is the act of using pressure, alcohol or drugs, or force to have sexual contact with someone against his or her will and includes persistent attempts to have sexual contact with someone who has already refused.
2) Rape myth: they are attitudes and beliefs about rape and sexual assault that helps fuel rape culture.

6) Quotes: 
1) "In this context, rape myth acceptance-the approval of 'beliefs and situational definitions that excuse rape of define assaultive situations as something other than rape"' (pages 3-4)
2) "Indeed, recreational athletes are exposed to risk factors for sexual violence similar to intercollegiate athletes and, thus, also may be at heightened risk for sexual violence perpetration" (page 3).
3) "18. 3% American women have experienced forced sex during the lifetime" (Page 2)

7) Value: This source adds value to my paper because it describes that there are methods of force used by athletes to get women to have sex with them. It proves that they can rape at a higher rate than non male athletes. 

Literary Blog #1

My literary blog is on the article Athletes and Rape: Is There a Connection?

1) Visual: 

2) Citation: Caron, S.L., Halteman, W.A. and Stacy, C. (1997) ‘Athletes and rape: Is there a connection?’, Percept Mot Skills, 85(3 suppl), pp. 1379–1393. doi: 10.2466/pms.1997.85.3f.1379.

3) Summary: This source is helping me because it discusses the issue of rape culture among athletes. Many athletes and rapists in general believe they are just "hitting and quitting" but what they are doing is the definition of rape. The article discusses the statistics and proof of athletes committing rape and the difference between athletes and non athletes. 

4) Author info: Sandra L. Caron is the primary author for this scholarly article, she is very qualified to write an article of this caliber. She is a professor of family relations and human sexuality at Maine University. She is a licensed counselor in sex therapy and runs education programs at Maine University.

5) Key Terms:
Sexual aggression: this term is significant because it this act of force and aggression used against a victim
Perpetrator: The rapist or the abuser of a sexual violence incident
6) Quotes:
1) " Many researchers have attempted to understand sexual aggression. We know that sexual aggressiveness has multiple causes or motivations. The goal of this study was to examine the as yet unstudied variable of competitiveness and its relationship with athletics and sexual aggression." (12)
2) " One out of every four women in the survey 'were the victims of rape or attempted rape since the age of 14 years. Only 5% reported that incident to the police, and 42% never told anyone about the experience" (2)
3) "Athletes are given many privileges in exchange for their athletic abhty. Scholarships, alumni incentives, allowances, and leniency from professors are common and expected on many college campuses. Many athletes feel entitled to take what they want, including sex, without the fear of repercussions" (3)
7) Value: This source is essential to my paper because it discusses the reasons male athletes think they need to rape and it also discusses a survey taken about a sexual assault on a college campus.

Blog #3

In my research so far, I have seen many different sources, but these three academic sources are helping me refine my topic the most.

1) Athletes and Rape: Is there a connection?: This source is helping me because it discusses the issue of rape culture among athletes. Many athletes and rapists in general believe they are just "hitting and quitting" but what they are doing is the definition of rape. The article discusses the statistics and proof of athletes committing rape and the difference between athletes and non athletes. 

2)  Male Athletes and Sexual Assault: This source helps me because it discusses the talks a lot about the environment of athletes and how it contributes to the need for rape. It addresses this issue with many subtopics like Male Bonding, The Big Man on Campus syndrome or Masculinity.

3) MALE STUDENT-ATHLETES REPORTED FOR SEXUAL ASSAULT: A SURVEY OF CAMPUS POLICE DEPARTMENTS AND JUDICIAL AFFAIRS OFFICES: This article is important because it focuses exclusively on Division 1 institutions and how college sports participation plays a role in sexual assault. It also touches on the difference between athletes and non athletes and how the personality and behavior about women differ. 

Blog #2

My topic is the same as week 1 but it has been refined just a little. I intend to focus my paper on athlete rape as a whole. Because there are many studies that support the claim but many that debunk the claim as well. By this I mean the qualities they think they have that make them feel entitled to women from current relevant examples to the correlation between athlete related crimes. During my first phase of research, I found a source that states there is no direct correlation between athletes and rape but discusses similarities with average joes. The search turned up a few important key terms for example, prevention, aggression, and accusations. I found a book entitled Public heroes, private felons : athletes and crimes against women, this book discusses the cases of some athletes and rape and whether they are heroes or felons. The most important issue that I found is aggression and how it relates to the power and determination the athletes think they have. I will also be doing at least two interviews with people who work for the office of violence prevention and victim assistance and possibly an athlete who is a survivor of sexual assault. 

Here are two links that I think are important to my search so far:
1)link 1
This is important because it discusses why student athletes feel entitled to rape and the cause and effect of the scenario.
2) link 2
This link is important because it brings up the idea of connection between athletes and rape. It takes the position that there is no direct correlation but there are certain factors and characteristics that people have when attempting to commit an assault.